Financing

What is convertible preferred stock? Convertible preferred stock is preferred stock that the holder may elect to convert into a fixed number of common shares after a predetermined date。 Most convertible preferred stock is exchangeable at the request of shareholders，But sometimes there is a provision that allows a company or issuer to force conversion。The value of convertible preferred stock ultimately depends on the performance of the company's common stock。 Key Points Convertible preferred stock is a dividend-paying preferred stock，Can be converted into common stock after a specified date at a fixed conversion ratio。 Convertible preferred stock is a hybrid security that has characteristics of both debt and equity。 If the common stock trades above the conversion price，Preferred stockholders may find it worthwhile to convert their shares into common stock。 Preferred shareholders who convert their shares give up the rights of preferred shareholders (no fixed dividends or higher claims on assets)，Become an ordinary shareholder (with voting rights and the ability to participate in stock price appreciation)。 Understanding Convertible Preferred Stock Companies Use Convertible Preferred Stock to Raise Capital。These securities are particularly useful as a financing vehicle for early-stage companies，Because they can provide investors with greater flexibility，making it an attractive option。That is, investors have the promise of regular dividends and the potential for future stock price appreciation.。 Preferred stock is a type of equity capital issued by a company，Higher asset and income requirements than common stocks。Preferred stocks typically pay a steady dividend，Dividends on common stock will only be paid if approved by the board of directors based on the company's recent financial performance.。 Preferred shares generally do not have voting rights like common shares。therefore，Preferred stock is often thought of as a hybrid of corporate bonds and common stock。 Convertible Option A characteristic feature of convertible preferred stock is that it contains embedded options，Allows the holder to trade them for a specified number of common shares at some time in the future。This conversion option offers holders potential upside，Because the value of common stock may increase over time。at the same time，It also has the advantages of preferred shares。 However，This advantage comes at a price。Convertible preferred stock generally trades at a higher price than common preferred stock，And the dividend yield may also be relatively low。 Convertible Preferred Stock Terms Terms commonly used when referring to convertible preferred stock are as follows:： face value：par value of preferred stock，or the dollar amount payable to holders in the event of bankruptcy。 conversion ratio：The number of common shares an investor receives upon conversion of convertible preferred stock。The ratio is set by the company when it issues convertible preferred stock。 conversion price：The price at which convertible preferred stock can be converted into common stock。The conversion price can be calculated by dividing the par value of the convertible preferred stock by the stated conversion ratio.。 conversion premium：The dollar amount by which the market price of convertible preferred stock exceeds the current market value of the common stock into which it is convertible. It may also be expressed as a percentage of the market price of convertible preferred stock.。 Example of Convertible Preferred Stock Consider the hypothetical company ABC Inc. Convertible Preferred Stock Issued，The price is 1,000 Dollar，conversion rate 10，The fixed dividend is 5%。therefore，The conversion price is 100 Dollar，and ABC's common stock must trade above this threshold，It’s worth it for investors to make the switch。Even though the common stock is trading close to 100 Dollar，Also probably not worth converting，Because preferred shareholders will give up 5% fixed dividends and a higher claim on the company's assets in the event of liquidation。 If the convertible preferred stock trades at 1,000 Dollar，ABC common stock trades at…

Fundamental and technical analysis：Overview on the deal、Investment and Finance，There are two ways to help investors analyze markets and securities：基本面分析和技术分析。Both help evaluate investment opportunities，Many traders combine the two to get a more comprehensive view。Fundamental analysis focuses on asset quality，Technical analysis, on the other hand, looks at market trends as indicators of value。 KEY POINTS Fundamental analysis evaluates securities by attempting to measure their intrinsic value。 Technical analysis focuses on statistical trends in stock prices and trading volume over time。 Both methods are used to study and predict future trends in stock prices。 What is fundamental analysis? Fundamental analysis is used in finance to evaluate the intrinsic value of securities or entire industries and markets.、actual value。For company stocks，Fundamental analysis is used to review the income statement、Balance Sheet and Cash Flow Statement。Fundamental analysis is often suitable for those looking for long-term value。 therefore，People who perform this type of analysis attempt to calculate a company's future profits based on its current net worth.。Stocks trading at a discount to the company's intrinsic value are generally considered promising，The opposite is true for stocks that trade below the company’s intrinsic value.。The results of the analysis may lead to purchases、Hold or sell securities。 Key Tools of Fundamental Analysis This approach aims to reveal the intrinsic value of a security (such as a stock or currency) using these key tools1: financial statements：Includes company's profit and loss statement、Balance Sheet and Cash Flow Statement，They provide a financial overview and help assess their profitability、Liquidity and Solvency。Analysts use these to determine financial ratios、Multiples and other mathematical representations of a company's financial health。 economic indicators：GDP growth、Macroeconomic indicators such as inflation and unemployment are used to understand the economic environment in which companies operate。These indicators influence consumer behavior，affect the company's performance。 interest rate：Central bank interest rates can significantly affect the value of investments。Higher interest rates typically lead to lower stock prices，And lower interest rates push up stock prices。 news and events：Company news，E.g. earnings report、New contracts and regulatory changes，will affect the stock price。 qualitative information：including management quality、industry cycle、Detailed information about competitive advantages and other non-quantifiable factors that affect a company's stock。 use these tools，Investors try to understand whether a security is undervalued or overvalued。 What is technical analysis? Technical analysis evaluates financial assets by looking at historical price and volume data，For example, stocks、Currency or Goods。Unlike fundamental analysis, which focuses on the intrinsic value of an asset，Technical analysis examines a stock's trading volume and price over time。2 In simple terms，Those who use fundamental analysis describe themselves as sober investigators who discover the true value in the economy，While those who use technical analysis argue that markets are inefficient，Price patterns and trends in market data can be exploited for potential profits。3 Fundamental and technical analysis are the main schools of thought approaching the market。 Main Tools of Technical Analysis The following are the most commonly used tools in technical analysis： technical analysis indicators：These are based on price、Mathematical calculation of trading volume or open interest，Used to predict future prices。These indicators are usually based on momentum or mean reversion。 Volume analysis：Study of a security or stocks traded on the market during a specific period of time、Number of lots or contracts。 relative strength：This metric compares an asset’s performance to a benchmark，to measure its momentum。2 Chart pattern analysis：The study of market price movements can identify patterns that can hint at future activity。4 Candlestick Pattern Analysis：This financial chart for price movements can indicate investor sentiment、Market trends or reversals of those trends。5 support and resistance：These are the horizontal lines drawn on the price chart，Used to indicate a position above which a security's price is unlikely to exceed。6 trend analysis：This is about interpreting past and current market movements to predict future asset prices。Historical prices and trading volumes are the most commonly used。7 Each element allows investors to analyze the behavior of a stock or market。 Advantages and Disadvantages of Fundamental Analysis and Technical Analysis The following table provides the advantages and disadvantages of fundamental analysis and technical analysis.。 Fundamental Analysis Technical Analysis Advantages Advantages Deep Understanding：Fundamental analysis provides a comprehensive understanding of a company's financial health，Includes income statement、Balance Sheet and Cash Flow。 timely：Technical analysis allows real-time decisions to be made based on price and volume data。 long term attention：It is particularly useful for long-term investment strategies，Because it attempts to determine the intrinsic value of an asset。 simplicity：It is usually represented graphically，Easier to understand than complex financial statements。 risk mitigation：By analyzing the company’s financial condition and market position，Investors should better assess the risks associated with investing。…

概述 另类投资是指那些不同于传统股票、债券和现金等金融资产的投资。另类投资通常包括房地产、大宗商品、私募股权、对冲基金、艺术品等资产类别。由于另类投资的风险和回报通常高于传统金融资产，因此需要投资者具备更高的风险承受能力和投资经验。 另类投资的特点 另类投资具有以下几个特点： 高风险高回报：另类投资通常具有较高的风险和回报。For example，对冲基金和私募股权基金通常要求投资者有较高的净值和投资经验； 较低的流动性：另类投资通常不像股票和债券等金融资产那样具有较高的流动性。投资者可能需要长时间才能出售其另类投资资产； 高门槛：另类投资通常需要投资者有较高的净值和投资经验，而且通常需要较高的起始投资金额； 专业化投资：另类投资通常需要投资者具有专业知识和投资经验，例如对于房地产投资来说，投资者需要了解房地产市场和相关法律法规等知识。 另类投资的优缺点 另类投资的优点包括： 多样化：另类投资可以帮助投资者实现资产多样化，降低整体风险； 高回报：另类投资通常具有较高的回报； 通货膨胀对冲：一些另类投资如房地产和大宗商品等资产具有通货膨胀对冲的特点，可以帮助投资者保值增值。 另类投资的缺点包括： 高风险：另类投资通常具有较高的风险，投资者需要具备较高的风险承受能力； 低流动性：另类投资通常不具有较高的流动性，投资者可能需要长时间才能出售其另类投资资产； 高门槛：另类投资通常需要投资者有较高的净值和投资经验，而且通常需要较高的起始投资金额； 需要专业知识：另类投资通常需要投资者具有专业知识和投资经验，否则可能会面临风险。 常见的另类投资 1. 房地产 房地产是另类投资中最常见的一种。投资者可以购买物业或者投资房地产基金来参与房地产投资。房地产投资通常具有较高的回报和通货膨胀对冲的特点，但也具有较高的风险和低流动性。 2. 大宗商品 大宗商品投资包括投资黄金、银、铜、石油、天然气等商品。大宗商品投资可以帮助投资者对冲通货膨胀风险，但也具有较高的波动性和风险。 3. 私募股权基金 私募股权基金是一种通过私人发行股权融资来投资非上市公司的基金。私募股权基金通常需要投资者有较高的净值和投资经验，但也具有较高的回报和长期投资的优势。 4. 对冲基金 对冲基金是一种通过运用多种投资策略，对冲市场波动来获取投资回报的基金。对冲基金通常需要投资者有较高的净值和投资经验，但也具有较高的回报和风险控制的特点。 5. 艺术品 艺术品投资是指投资名画、古董、珠宝等艺术品类别。艺术品投资通常需要投资者具有较高的专业知识和鉴赏能力，但也具有较高的收益和保值增值的优势。 总结 另类投资是指那些不同于传统股票、债券和现金等金融资产的投资。另类投资通常具有较高的风险和回报，需要投资者具备更高的风险承受能力和投资经验。另类投资可以帮助投资者实现资产多样化，降低整体风险，并且可以对冲通货膨胀风险，但也具有较高的门槛和低流动性等缺点。

Tontine 是早期筹集资金系统的名称，在该系统中，个人向一个共同的资金池中支付资金，并根据他们从使用该资金池进行的投资中获得 的回报份额获得股息。 随着小组成员的死亡，他们没有被新的投资者取代，因此收益被分配给越来越少的成员。幸存的投资者从他们认识的人的死亡中获利，许多人认为这一特征令人毛骨悚然。 要点 Tontine 是早期筹集资金系统的名称，个人将资金存入共同的资金池。 in the united states，联合养老保险在 1700 年代和 1800 年代很流行，然后在 1900 年代初期逐渐消失。 联合养老保险投资者在加入时一次性支付，并在去世前收到类似股息的年度付款。 已故联合养老保险投资者的股份分配给幸存的成员，剩余成员的份额随着更多成员的死亡而增加。 了解联合养老保险 虽然它们在今天看起来很陌生，但联合养老保险的传奇血统至少可以追溯到半个世纪前。这个名字来自 17 世纪意大利金融家洛伦佐·德·通蒂 (Lorenzo de Tonti)。1目前尚不清楚他是否真的发明了联合养老保险，但 Tonti 在 17 世纪确实向法国政府提出了一项著名的联合养老保险计划，作为国王路易十四筹集资金的一种方式。 for this reason，历史学家认为通蒂的想法起源于他的家乡意大利的金融民俗。这个想法一开始并没有流行起来，最终通蒂登上了巴士底狱。 几十年后，在中世纪后期，联合养老保险作为皇家法院的融资工具在欧洲变得普遍。由于征税通常是不可能的，欧洲君主主要通过联合养老保险借钱来资助他们的自相残杀的战争。 在 1900 年代流行的鼎盛时期，联合养老保险几乎占据了美国保险市场的三分之二，占美国财富的 7.5% That's all。arrive 1905 Year，在美国这个只有 1800 万家庭的国家，估计有 900 万份有效的联合养老保险。2 1906 年美国禁止联合养老保险。3…